THE IMPLICATION AND PERSPECTIVES OF IDEALISM,
REALISM
AND
PROGRESSIVISM PHILOSOPHY ON EDUCATION MANAGEMENT
Iwan
Gunawan
1710631060094
( 3C )
Faculty
of Teacher Training and Education
Singaperbangsa
Karawang University
Email :
iwang1719@gmail.com
Abstrack
Basically the philosophy of realism is one of branch of
philosophy that views reality in a duality which consists of the physical world
and the spiritual world. This school philosophy believes that the material world beyond human
consciousness is a thing that exists and real. It also important to be studied
by humans using their intelligence abilities. In addition, the realism school
also believes that the essence of truth is from this nature reality, does not through
ideas or souls. Then, realism also considers that sense is one of several
things which are overall named as nature and also emphasized that the outside
world is independent and does not depend on the subject. Demostration in a
laboratory is a form of learning method that is assumed very effective in transferring
knowledge to students. The teacher is assumed as a facilitator who is able to
provide a series of basic ideas and provide opportunities for students to
practice the subject or teaching material that is being explained. Futhermore,
because the teacher as facilitator, occupy as teacher also tasked to facilitate
various learning activities that used for students, so that they have a real
and clear learning experience. At last, because the school of realism is a
school that related to truth and factual, therefore this journal aims to inform
the background of philosophy realism, the perspective of realism in education
and show the implications of realism that related on education management
process.
Keywords: Realism, Reality and Duality.
A.
INTRODUCTION
In education,
the study between philosophy and education is an important thing to learn
because it will provide information about the essence of humans as themselves so
that this study is needed to determine the ultimate goal of education. In
additional, because philosophy is a view of life that determines the direction
and purpose of the educational process. Therefore, philosophy and education
have a very close relationship. Essentially, education is a process of
inheritance philosophy values, which are developed to fulfill the necessary of
life and a better or perfect life.
Education
is one of place that need the field of educational philosophy. Educational
philosophy according to Al - Syaibany (Sadulloh, 2003: 37) is a form of the implementation
of philosophical views and philosophical rules in education. In additional, philosophy
is one of knowledge that reflects of the implementation of general philosophy
and focuses on the implementation of the principles and reliance which become a
base of philosophy in solving problems of education easily.Therefore, if there
are various questions about education that are philosophical, so the philosophy
of education is the authority to answer and solve these problems.
Knowledge
according to realism is one of the many schools of philosophy. This school is a
depiction that actually of what is exsisted in the real world (facts). Moreover,
realism is one of school philosophy who assume that knowledge is true if
certain with reality. Besides that the school of realism is considered that
knowledge objects can be known in real by itself. In the philosophy of
education Realism as the school of educational philosophy considers that the
outside world stands without our existence, besides that reality can be known
to the human mind so that ealism in the educational management process is very
well known.
B.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.
Background of realism
Realism
is a reaction to the abstractness and "worldliness" of philosophy of
idealism. The main point of the school of realism is that objects of the senses
appear in simply manner. (Knight, 2007: 81)
Realism
is a philosophy that views reality as duality. The school of realism emerged in
the English literare exactly in 19th
century. This school is formed based of observation in simply manner and also
based of reality.Then, during the period 1830 to 1880 it could be said as a period
of Realism. In additional, realism explains that realism is something that is
real or something that is true which is a real depiction in reality. Realism
divides reality into two parts, namely the subject who is aware of or knows on
the one hand and the second is the reality outside of humanity which can be
used as an object of human knowledge. Some figures of realism: Aristotle, Johan
Amos Comenius, William Mc Gucken, Francis Bacon, John Locke, Galileo, David
Hume, John Stuart Mill.
Realism
in philosophy consists of several types, beginning from personal realism,
Platonic or conceptual or classical realism The assumption who is used reveal that
something that’s real is permanent and can be altered so that the idea or
universal is more real than the individual. Besides that there is also a more
interesting type of realism represented by Aristotles. According to him the
real world is the world that is felt now, and form and material cannot be
separated. Reality actually exists in concrete objects or in the development of
these objects (Titus, 1984: 331).
In the
United States in the first decade of the 20th century there emerged two strong
realist movements, namely new realism or neorealism and critical realism.
Neorealism is an attack on idealism and critical realism is chitric against
idealism.
In the philosophy of education realism school assume
that realism is a school of philosophy of education based on the three
categories of metaphysics and epistemology that the outside world stands
without depending on the existence of the subject, reality can be known through
the human mind.
2.
The perspective of the realism in education
The
philosophy of realism is a school which considers that human knowledge is a
good and right depiction of a truth. Related to education, education must be
universal. This principle starts from the lowest education, and is an
obligation. At the lowest level of education, children will receive the same
type of education. Character and human nature are the same for everyone. Therefore,
the method, content and process of education must be same. However, humans are
creatures that different in degrees, moreover in attainment. Therefore, at the
highest level of education, there should not be only one type of education, but
must have various types of education. The initiative that found in education
lay in an educator not from students. Good material or lesson material is a
lesson material that gives satisfaction to the interests and needs of students.
However, the most important thing for a student is how to choose the right
learning material, not to give satisfaction to the students' interests and
needs. Giving satisfaction to the interests and needs of students is only a
tool to achieve educational goals and is a useful teaching strategy.
In
addition, there are other perspectives of the Realists related to education.
education is actually purposed as a study or learning of scientific disciplines
through which we get definitions and classifications. History, science and
mathematics are proof of sources of knowledge. If we know it well, so we will
know broader things about the world in which we are lived. Knowledge is the
best way to guide us to know the environment, nature and our daily lives. The
connection with schools, students and teachers, as stated by Ornstein (1985:
193) the Realists state it as follows:“The
school is the institution that has been established to teach students about the
objective world. The instruction that takes place in schoolshould impart a body
of knowledge. Students should learn subject that will help them understand
their world so that they can live full and satisfying lives. The realist
teacher needs to be able to recognize the basic concepts in the subject and the
generalization that explain their interaction, and to render these into a teachable and learnable order that meets
the needs of the learner. The teacher should be an authority both in knwoledge of the subject
and in the methods of teaching it ( Ornstein, 1985:193).
Furthermore, in the subjects given, many realists use
methods that allow students to carry out experiments so that in turn they will
gain knowledge. Demonstrations in the laboratory also become learning methods
that are considered very effective in transferring knowledge to students. The
role of the teacher is as a facilitator, provides a series of basic idea, and
then provides opportunities for students to practice the subject or teaching
material that is being held. Discussion activities also become the most
important in class according by realist.
Because the school of realism philosophy is a school that
believes in a truth both physically and spiritually. Therefore there are many
forms of application of realism in the education management process. For
example, in classical realism and religious realism. The form of the application
of classical realism school is by the existence of social science lessons in
schools where all students are taught to be wise people so that they become a
person who can adapt or socialize well to the physical and social environment.
In addition there is also a school of religious realism. Based on this school
the form of application in education is by instill moral education towards
students for the safety of the soul. Students are required to be able to learn
to keep their hearts in themselves and away from sin. With this moral education
encourages students to have a good intellectual balance, not only physical or
social adjustment, but also able to prepare individual interests for the world
and the hereafter. William Mc Gucken (Brubacher, 1950), assume that without God
there is no purpose in life, and in the end there is no educational purpose.
The purpose of education is to prepare people to live in the world now which
means to reach last purpose who is eternal. The opinion expressed by Gucken is
one of the religious realism school that can be applied in education because
the opinions expressed by Gucken teach the value of religious values and the
most important to be applied by students.
3.
Implications of realism in education management proccess
Realism
is a philosophy that believes in a truth based on existing and real facts.
Therefore there are various implications of realism in education field (Fajar, 2010: 1)
such as:
such as:
A. Aim of education
Education
basically aims in order that the students can survive in a nature, get security
and live happily. By providing essential knowledge to students, they will be
able to survive in their natural and social environment.
B. Educating curriculum.
The
curriculum should be involved: (1) Science and Mathematics, (2) Humanities and
social sciences, (3) values.
Science
and mathematics are very important. The existence of science and mathematics is
considered a very important scope in learning. Because, knowledge of nature
allows humanity to be able to adapt, grow and develop in its natural
environment. Humanitarian science should not be ignored, because humanity is
needed by every individual to adapt to in social environment. The curriculum
should emphasize the influence of the social environment on the lives of
individuals.
C. Educational Methods.
"All
learning depends on experience, both direct and indirect experience. Both of
those need to be presented to students. The method of presentation should be
logical and psychological. The teaching method suggested by Realism
philosophers is authoritarian. The teacher requires students to be able to
memorize, explain, and compare facts; interpret relationships, and conclude about
new meanings.
D. The Role of Teachers and Students
The
teacher is the manager of teaching and learning activities in the classroom
(classroom is teacher-centered); the teacher is the determinant of the subject
matter. Then, the teacher must use students interests that related to the
subject matter and make the subject as concrete that own by students. Thus the
teacher must act as “the master of knowledge” then teacher also should be
master teaching techniques with authority to shape students achievements. In
additional, there are roles of students "master the knowledge that is
reliable; students must obey the rules and discipline, because good rules are
needed for learning, mental and moral discipline is needed for various levels
of virtue "(Edward J. Power).
In
addition there are also implications of the realism in education according to
Power (1982) such as : 1) Educational Goals. Educational realism is a process
to improve oneself in order to achieve something that is eternal, and also a
life adjustment and social responsibility; 2) curriculum. The curriculum is developed
comprehensively involving all knowledge such as science, social, and values.
The curriculum content is more effectively organized in the form of subjects
because it has a tendency to be oriented towards students (subject centered);
3) Teacher's role. Teachers are required to be able to master knowledge and
expected indigenous in teaching techniques, and strongly demand the achievement
of students mastering teaching materials which as source of knowledge is
reality; 4). Position of Students. In the context of realism, students are
required to be able to master reliable and trusted knowledge. Discipline is
needed as a method of achieving the essence of learning. Mental and moral
discipline is needed to get good results; 5) Method Learning. It’s depend on
both direct and indirect experience. The delivery method must be logical and
psychological. Conditioning is the main method for realism as a follower of
behaviorism.
C.
DISCUSSION
1. Comparison between the philosophy of Realism and
the philosophy of idealism
The
philosophy of realism is one of the schools that is very contrary to the
philosophy of idealism. That can be proven through differences in opinions and
beliefs of each school. The philosophy of realism explains that the nature of
truth is in nature not through ideas or souls. Meanwhile, the philosophy of
idealism explains that idealism is a world view or metaphysical which says that
the basic reality consists of or very closely related to ideas, thoughts, and
souls. In addition there are also differences of opinion, the school of realism
states that this realism is a school that considers that sense as one of
several things that are overall named as nature and also emphasized that the
outside world is independent and does not depend on the subject. This things is
different of idealist. Idealism states that objective nature is real which
means that demand attention and adjustment of humans. Even so, nature cannot
stand automatically, because objective nature is determined, to a certain
extent, on the mind (soul, mind). Thus it can be concluded that both of these
school are very different and contradictory with each other in terms of trust,
so it is important for us to study and understand each of school realism so
that we can correctly apply it in education.
2. Excess of the of realism in education
There are several
advantages of realism in education such as: a) Education program is focused so
that students can adjust themselves appropriately in life, and can carry out
social responsibility in community life; b) the role of students is the mastery
of reliable knowledge so that they are able to follow the development of
science and technology; c) In relation to discipline, good procedures are very
important in learning. This means learning is patterned based on a guideline.
Because students need to have mental and moral discipline for every level of
goodness; d) Comprehensive curriculum that contains all the knowledge that is
useful in adjusting to life and social responsibility. The curriculum contains
elements of general education to develop thinking skills and practical
education for the benefit of work; e) The method is logical and psychological,
all learning activities are based on direct or indirect experience. The
teaching method is logical, gradual and sequential.
3. Lack of realism in education
The following
are some the lacks of realism school in
education such as: a) At the lowest level of education, children will receive
the same type of education. In additional, the nature and human nature are the
same for everyone. Therefore, the method, content and process of education must
be same. However, not all humans are equal in capturing lessons because the
ability of each person is different so it must be adjusted in the educational
process; b) Erroneous to evaluate perception, there is no explanation of
imaginary objects / hallucinations, all perceptions depend on visual context.
4. Strengths and lacks of idealism in education
The
following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of idealism in education,
including the following: a) Increasing the power of thinking in terms of
producing the right ideas and allowed to be used; b) Assumption of something of
value or truth that eternal of all time.
D.
CONCLUSION
Based
on the discussion, the school of realism philosophy is a school that believes
in reality duality, namely the physical world and the material world. This
philosophy is believed that the world of matery beyond of human consciousness and
highly prioritizes a truth based on facts. Because this school is the most
emphasizes on knowledge that related to science / so that it is absolute and follows the
applicable natural law. In addition, idealism and realism are two opposing
philosophical ideologies. Idealism has been embraced by thinkers, both from the
West or East for more than two thousand years. During the second half of the
19th century, idealism was the dominant Western philosophy. On the other hand,
realism, with its assumption that it stands automatically outside the human
mind, has been accepted by people throughout history. Thus it can be concluded
that both the school of idealism and the school of realism is one of several
philosopy that is very effected in education.
E.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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[5] http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FIP/JUR._PEND._LUAR_SEKOLAH/195908261986031
